What is a common method to study gene expression in tumor cells?

In situ hybridization is a powerful technique used to study gene expression in tumor cells by detecting and localizing specific RNA sequences within fixed tissues or cells. This method allows researchers to visualize the spatial distribution of mRNA within tissue sections, providing important insights into the expression patterns of genes in the context of tumor architecture. By utilizing labeled probes that are complementary to the target RNA, the technique enables identification of which cells within a tumor are expressing particular genes, highlighting variations in gene expression levels and localization.

This spatial aspect is particularly crucial in oncology, where the tumor microenvironment can significantly influence gene expression. Understanding the precise location and level of gene expression can aid in elucidating mechanisms of tumor development, progression, and response to treatment.

In contrast, while other methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can quantify mRNA levels, they do not provide spatial context within tissues. Western blotting focuses on protein expression rather than RNA, and flow cytometry is often used for cell sorting and analysis based on surface markers, making it less suitable for direct assessment of gene expression within the tissue context. These features highlight why in situ hybridization is a preferred method for studying gene expression in tumor cells.